Essay on Addiction Suffering, acceptance, and change

Carl Rogers stated, â€Å"The curious paradox is that when I accept myself just as I am, then I can change (see http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/c/carl_rogers.html). Many modern approaches to addiction recovery utilize a dialectical model to examine the change process. Third wave behavioral therapies such as Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), along with mindfulness meditation (MM), and the 12 Step Recovery model of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) use a dialectic based on acceptance of what is and change to what can be. These modern methods make use of the practices of Buddhism that may be effective treatments for addiction recovery. Moreover, when regarding addiction as a form of attachment as†¦show more content†¦These elements give an understanding to the external, internal and interpersonal suffering addiction causes as a form of attachment to the pleasurable, and avoidance of pain. The concepts of attachment and avoidance are central to Buddhist thought. Moreover, they are the cause of suffering. Boeree (1997) noted suffering comes from attachment to experiences and from the avoidance of them as well. We see in the word, anicca- impermanence, that all objects and perceptions are momentary; therefore, attachment to them will lead to suffering. Attachment in Sanskrit relates to two words, â€Å"trishna† [ironically] means â€Å"thirst† or â€Å"desire† and â€Å"devesha† translates to avoidance. Attachment, as a means of fulfilling a desire, or as a means of depriving oneself goes against what the Buddha called, â€Å"The Middle Path† (Buddha Dharma Education Association, 2011). Therefore, The Middle Path forms a principle of non- attachment to extremes. When one considers addiction as an idea of suffering and attachment, the Buddhist concepts of desire and escape become clear. Chen (2010) contended that the â€Å"secondary suffering† addiction brings is multidimensional, affecting many aspects of a person’s life. Chen (2010) explained this concept of suffering in the conceptual model of suffering as motivation for addiction treatment. This model puts forth the idea that drug use is a coping mechanism for some type of â€Å"primary suffering†- negative mental states or circumstancesShow MoreRelatedThe Teachings Of Buddhism And Buddhism1665 Words   |  7 Pageshimself and their emotional sufferings would come to an end. Buddha developed his teachings on self-understanding through his prolonged suffering in fasting, and meditation. Eventually, his spiritual journey culminated in discovering the awakening teachings that enlightened people in the power of self-indulgence through meditation. One of the key notions in Buddhism is â€Å"Samsara†. 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How Has Technology Impacted on the Olympic Games Free Essays

string(123) " The athlete and coach can then see and tweak the performance and plan how they can resolve the issues in the performance\." YEAR 10 PASS ASSIGNMENT How has technology impacted on the Olympic Games? Consider: 1. How has technology contributed to the performance levels at the Olympics (5 Marks) 2. The Impact of technology for participants, officials, coaches and spectators (5 Marks) 3. We will write a custom essay sample on How Has Technology Impacted on the Olympic Games or any similar topic only for you Order Now What are the major ethical implications of the use of technology at the Olympics? (5 Marks) 4. In your opinion how will future advancements in technology effect i) Future Olympics ii) Participant in sport How much has technology impacted the Olympics? I’d say greatly due to the performance levels of the athletes, the opportunities for the participants, coaches, officials and spectators, the ethical implications and the ongoing breaking of records throughout history. Technology keeps improving and therefore improving the athletes as well so the question is, how far can they go? 1. In the Olympics, technology has contributed to the performance of athletes greatly due to new training techniques through technology and the advancements in technology like clothing, playing surfaces and equipment. Technology has also allowed athletes to recover from injury faster through rehabilitation technology like fitness machines which isolate points of weakness inside the body and creates an exercise which strengthens the point of weakness and therefore helps the athlete lead to a full recovery and even perform better when they return to the sport. In swimming, Speedo, a swimwear company have developed a Fastskin3 Racing System which includes goggles, cap and a suit( shorts for men and full suit for women. This quipment has revolutionized the sport of swimming by offering swimmers a cohesive, hydrodynamic solution to cut through the water with maximum efficiency. â€Å"The Speedo FASTSKIN3 Racing System offers unrivalled benefits to swimmers, including a full body passive drag reduction of up to 16. 6%, an 11% improvement in the swimmer’s oxygen economy enabling them to swim stronger for longer, and a 5. 2% reduction in body active drag , to create the world’s fastest cap, goggle and suit ever. † This is from the Speedo website explaining the technological advancements in the Speedo swimsuits over the years. This combination of the cap, goggles and swimsuit is said to be world’s fastest. In long distance cycling, the athletes use the latest technological advanced bikes that have light weight frames, large, thin tires (to achieve more distance per pedal and give a smoother ride), comfortable saddles and handlebars, and several gears for going up and down hills. They also use heart rate monitors to track and measure where they should be in the race. In training, the athletes would measure when and where their heart rate should be in the race and then transfer this into the race. Another technology used by long distance cyclists is a simple two way radio which communicates with fellow team mates and the drivers behind the cyclists telling them when a break is coming up or a turn is approaching. The athletes also have a suit, helmet and shoes to wear while riding. The suit, helps the athlete stay dry and cool as well as filtrate sweat off the body. The helmet provides an aerodynamic form reduces wind resistance and obviously provides protection for the head when falling. The shoes the athlete wears provides comfort and grip on the peddles for the long journey. In Athletics, there are many sports which rely on the technology of the surface, the equipment the athletes use and the clothing they are wearing. In sprinting, the athlete needs light weight shoes like the Lunar Eclipse+2’s which proides maximum comfort and flexibility for the runner. The shoe also provides the added stability for the athlete without the additional weight to the shoe. The suits they wear also affect their performance because they keep the body cool and holds the muscles steady as they run so they don’t pull or send the muscle into spasm. The surface also effects the performance of a sprinter because if the surface they are competing on is sand, then the athlete would not be able to perform at they’re best. But if they competed on a synthetic track ( which is used in London 2012), they would be able to perform to their absolute best. This can also be related to other sports like: any court related sports like tennis, athletic field events and cycling. 2. The Olympics are an event which technology is used by participants, officials, coaches and spectators. Technology has made a massive impact on the Olympics now because spectators can now access results from their mobiles, athletes can look over their technique through watching a video of themselves slowed down to a speed of 1000 images per second, officials can tell whether an athlete won a race by 1 millisecond or 1. 1 milliseconds through technology and coaches can watch and measure their athletes performance. All these things came from and through technology. Spectators now have higher viewing opportunities and better understanding of the results through television. The officials are able to explain the results through their digital timing technology and show how the athlete won or lost. Not only do spectators have the opportunity to understand the results they can view them anywhere they go through their mobile phones or laptops. They have the ability to whip out their phones and check results in the 100m final in the athletics and by going into special London 2012 apps on iPhones, iPads, Android phones and simply the London 2012 website. The technology that spectators are available to now, is beyond imaginable and spectators don’t even have to be at their games to enjoy them, they can watch the games through their TV, mobile phones and laptops. Athletes and coaches now use video analysis to perfect the athletes techniques by going over the videos again and again until the athlete is perfect and ready for competing. The video can be broken down into images which show the different stages of movement. The athlete and coach can then see and tweak the performance and plan how they can resolve the issues in the performance. You read "How Has Technology Impacted on the Olympic Games" in category "Essay examples" Officials now have the opportunity to use technology like hawk- eye and goal-line referee to decide whether there should be a point given. The hawk-eye technology shows whether a ball in tennis is in or out and the goal-line referee is used in soccer decide whether there is a goal or not and to provide another point of view for the spectators. Digital timing is another form of technology which officials use in timed events like swimming and running events. They use cameras, lasers and pressure systems to determine the times for the athletes in the race. There are pressure pads on the starting blocks in swimming and sprinting events so they can determine reaction times and therefore determining a false start. There are also pressure pads on the walls of the swimming pools so when the swimmers touch the pads, it records the amount of time it took the get there. Lasers are now used in running events to tell the officials when the runner crossed the line and determine who came first or second by 1 millisecond. All this technology in the London 2012 Olympic Games was provided by a company called OMEGA who specializes in this type of technology. BMW have created a technology which tracks a device on the athlete which shows the movement of them. It is mostly used in long jumping because it shows the elevation and distance the athlete jumped as well as the speed they were travelling at. This sort of technology has evolved from film camera, to high speed digital video, to today’s 3D â€Å"machine vision† technology. 3. Technology in sport is aimed to :- achieve ultimate human performance – aid performance – facilitate faster times help athletes break records – faster recovery from injury -make performance more efficient These definitions are from Exploring PASS and they are absolutely right. This is what technology is supposed to do for sport but in some cases it doesn’t and causes negative effects on sport. These effects are increased injuries, possible loss of tradition in the sport and the exclusion of athletes due to loss of access of the technology. In the 1896 Athens Olympic Game s, the marathon was run 60 minutes slower than the 2008 Beijing Olympics. This shows the effects technology has had on the Olympics because as time has carried on technology has advanced and so have the athletes therefore beating records every year. Now, what would happen if the athlete who came first in the marathon in 1896 ran the marathon today with all the latest technology and the newest equipment? The Olympics is a massive multicultural event which has a lot of 3rd world countries which only compete in the sports that they have access to like athletics. Some countries don’t have access to the expensive equipment and advanced training equipment which is necessary to keep up with the world. Higher Financed countries like USA are able to experiment with technology and find new ways to improve their athletes performance which is why they had developed a $5million pursuit bicycle to minimize air resistance and create a better time. Only athletes with the proper economic status would be able to gain access to this equipment. In Australia we have the AIS ( Australian Institute of Sport ) which is facility who develops athletes to their ultimate best. Not only does this institute help athletes reach their best, they are one of the leading facilities in Sport Technology. The AIS keep moving forward in the ways of sport technology and our government provides greatly to help support their research. The Olympics is one of the most competitive sporting events in the world and some athletes think that they need to do whatever it takes to bring home a gold. This can result to drug use, mostly steroids. Steroids is a drug which enhances your performance and helps you gain an edge on the sport. Even though this may sound good, there are disadvantages to this drug. There is aggressive behaviour, depression, sterility in males, masculinisation in women, heart disease and liver damage. Since their have been athletes to have done this, drug testing is a common element in the Olympics to ensure a sense of equality in the games. Technology can also be used to lessen the detection of drugs for which you might of used. Diuretics are used to reduce the presence of drugs in urine. Epitestosterone is biological form of testosterone and Plasma expanders are used to increase the fluid component of blood. So technology in the Olympics can be used for good and bad reasons, it can be expensive and inaccessible to some countries which also creates inequality in the games but even though their might be inequality when training, technology in the games makes sure that every athlete is given a fair go by digital timing and drug testing on all athletes. 4. i) As technology is being improved everyday and every Olympics, new records are being made, I think that in future Olympics records will still be beaten but as the years go on the athletes won’t be able to go any further and so technology with have taken over the Olympics fully. But I also think that athletes will see that there is a limit and stop before the sport they love loses its tradition and meaning. Since the athletes will only use technology if they need it to train, I think that the technology used in faster recoveries will never reach a limit and just keep advancing through the ages. For example, Athletes won’t have to worry about serious injury since they have a machine which can regenerate a muscle back to full health in a day or hours. Technology will never have a limit so forming new training techniques and new equipment for the athletes to use will help the athletes stay inside of the ethical guidelines of the Olympics but the athletes will not have technology attached or inside of them to enhance their performance so it doesn’t destroy the sport. ii) Since technology is advancing and now that you have the opportunity to play tennis inside your own home using a Wii or Xbox Kinect and play other around the world means that soon everyone might want to do this and less people will want to participate in sport outside. Technology will soon want to accompany all physical and mental types around the world so a new technology that might want to involve elderly people thinking they are playing sport through a headset might transfer itself to the teenage generation and then move to all the others and therefore taking away participation in sport. Not only will this cause possible health problems for people who use such technology, it can also lead to social isolation. Technology which is used for sport performance should make the participant go outside to perform rather than stay indoors, technology should promote the sport and not do the job for them. How to cite How Has Technology Impacted on the Olympic Games, Essay examples

Poverty and Child Development Essay Example For Students

Poverty and Child Development Essay Poverty is defined in many ways. The dictionary definition simply does not suffice to show the human cost of poverty. Poverty is much more than the limited capital resources that this definition suggests. Poverty is defined by the federal government as 16,660 for a family of four in 1998 (Child Poverty in the United States 2000). These figures are tremendously flawed; a single individual residing in the United States would not fare well by the standards of most individuals at this income level. Individuals in Laos, Cuba, Ecuador, or many other nations however, would live as kings on this income. Poverty is, therefore a subjective concept far more complicated than a yearly income. The individual most harshly affected by poverty are those who are the most powerless to do anything about itchildren. Research indicates that extreme poverty in the first five years of life alters a childs chances in life compared to lesser degrees of poverty in later life. This is the result of several key factors. The first problem associated with poverty is poor nutrition. It has been proven that poor nutrition leads to lower intelligence, poor physical development, and diminished immunity to disease. Children deprived of proper nutrition during the brains most formative years score much lower on tests of vocabulary, reading comprehension, arithmetic, and general knowledge. The more severe the poverty a child faces, the lower his or her nutritional level is likely to be (Brown and Pollitt 38-43). Government assistance to poor families such as WIC help; however, the guidelines for eligibility fall woefully short of making sure that every child has adequate nutrition. As stated previously, the federal guidelines for poverty are ludicrous when applied to real world economics. To further complicate matters, guidelines used by agencies such as the United States Department of Health and Human Services serve to painfully remind the poor that they are a nuisance to be eliminated. A child that goes to school hungry, even if not malnourished, will have greater difficulty focusing their efforts than a well fed one. An individual who is hungry will eventually become hypoglycemic, a condition in which blood sugar levels fall. The symptoms of hypoglycemia range from fatigue, sleepiness, irritability, headache, and decreased mental alertness. Many children that are perceived as having behaviour problems may actually have a nutrition problem. All of this is assuming that one is fortunate enough to live in an industrialized nation. Children in poor countries do not attend school unless they are the sire of wealthy parents, thus sealing their fate as impoverished individuals. In many countries no child labor laws exist and therefore a child is seen as a productive worker. Often these children work as many hours as an adult. In all fairness the harshness of life in many countries dictates that having ones children educated is a luxury they can not afford even if state funded schools exist. The family contribution theory extends even to the children. The first image of poverty that enters most peoples minds is that of a third world nation, children of industrialized nations are not immune. The United States child poverty rate is substantially higher- often two-to-three times higher- than that of any other major western industrialized nation (Child Poverty in the United States 2000). Canada has its share of problems as well. Canada has the second highest child poverty rate when compared against 17 other industrialized nations around the world, second only to the United States (What We Know 1997). Poverty often results in a less healthy population than would be otherwise expected. The reasons for this are varied. An economically limited individual will tend to live in more cramped conditions than his wealthy counterpart. Doctors are averse to providing free or low cost health care. Lennie analysis Essay When poor nutrition is combined with cramped quarters and infrequent visitation to health care professionals disease is the result. Childhood immunizations are one of the most successful and cost-effective public health interventions of the twentieth century. They have drastically reduced or eliminated the burden of many illnesses (Childrens Defense Fund 36). Not if you live in a third world nation though. Children, who are by nature less resistant to disease, do not .

Union rights and collective bargaining

Introduction The Work Choices legacy has been one of declining unionization and less collective bargaining in workplace relations. Conversely, the Fair Work Act (FW Act) 2009 is seen as a tool for reinstating enterprise wide collective bargaining. In this proposal, it shall be argued that the FW Act is a far better legislation for collective bargaining than previous legislations through an analysis of the core values in the legislation and some of the particular workplace changes that have been and will be altered through implementation of this law.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Union rights and collective bargaining specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The current situation on collective bargaining Collective bargaining in Australia has often been viewed as an adversarial relationship. The battle is often between workers, their unions or representatives and their employers. There has been little room for consensus and this has led to excessive arbitration as well as continual mistrust between parties in workplace relations. There is a need to move from these hostilities to a more harmonious approach to collective bargaining (Forysth and Stewart, 2009). Although things are changing after instatement of the Fair Work Act in 2009, the workplace arena is yet to undergo a paradigm shift from the old way of viewing industrial relations to this new one. Prior to the passing of the FW Act, statutory individual agreements were the main way of bargaining between employers and their workers. This was especially enforced through the Work Choices Act of 2005. The latter legislation made it okay for employers to refuse to negotiate with unions if and when the need arose. Individual agreements were the order of the day and employers often had the upper hand. Currently, this has changed slightly because the new legislation does not encourage these approaches to collective bargaining. Why laws regulating col lective bargaining are important One cannot fully exhaust the reasons why legislating collective bargaining is important because the matter is quite lengthy. However, at the heart of it, is the need to protect the rights of employees. These rights should not merely be thought of theoretically because they often translate into practical applications for workers. Workers who enjoy union membership or who have applied collective bargaining often benefit from better working conditions; which is an important process of these expressions. They also gain the advantage of having better pay at work and employers who listen to them (Cooper and Ellem, 2009). Making laws on collective bargaining can potentially increase the level of productivity at work. This is because if employee’s rights are protected, then chances are that they are likely to concentrate at work and this may affect their outcomes. Eventually, high productivity among individuals translates into higher productivity nati onally thus contributing to greater competiveness globally.Advertising Looking for essay on business corporate law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Industrial action is always a potential problem in the workplace setting. Sometimes employees may try enterprise bargaining to no avail and this may reach an impasse. To this extent, they may choose the industrial action route. It is always necessary for the law to have a clear cut definition of matters that can legitimise an industrial action. Furthermore, legislations on collective bargaining can also lay out the procedures that employers can follow during a strike. To this end, the degree of industrial action can dramatically reduce once legislations are clear on them (Mc crystal, 2008). Arbitration during industrial action can also arise so it is always important to have laws that clearly lay out the processes for arbitration or the conditions thereof. In order for Australia t o be viewed as progressive in terms of human rights, then it needs to accord its workers decent working conditions. It should also be such that it encourages fair treatment at work as well. These are all key elements that are covered in collective bargaining laws and should therefore be highly encouraged. Why the Fair Work Act 2009 should be retained One of the most important reasons why the Fair Work Act 2009 should be retained is that it advocates for cooperation within the workplace relations setting. These specifics can be found in clause 577 (d) of the FW Act. Furthermore, it looks towards restoring some balance in workplace relations by focusing on productive relations over and above any other arrangement. To this end, it is likely that unions, employers and employees will develop constructive relationships between themselves as they continue to interact with one another. This represents a shift from past approaches and therefore marks a hallmark in the future of collective ba rgaining (Forysth and Stewart, 2009). Cooperation in this Act is to be achieved through the good faith principle. The FW Act advocates for the replacement of arbitration with good faith. This means that emphasis should be given to the process rather than the outcomes of collective bargaining. It is likely that parties will show good faith because the legislation even gives specific ways of how this can be achieved such as through information disclosure between bargaining parties, giving responses to requests and avoiding unfair conduct. The explicit nature of these obligations is what is likely to lead to such great success in implementation of the FW Act in the future thus streamlining collective bargaining (Cooper and Ellem, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Union rights and collective bargaining specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is also interesting to note that the Fair Work Australia body will only be consulted in cases where the said stakeholders illustrated that they were not willing to abide by the good faith principle. In this regard, parties are expected to look for other alternatives to making an agreement work before they can make a declaration that a breach has been reached. Before a declaration can be made, Fair Work Australia must not only ensure that all alternatives have been sought but that there is no hope for consensus in the future. Even after the FWA have decided on a declaration, they still allow for a twenty one day period where the parties are to sit down and discuss their contentious issue so that they can try and reconcile. Once this has failed then it is only at this time when the Fair Work Australia body will declare a workplace determination. As can be seen the process of getting a serious breach is very complicated and this causes many parties to look for internal ways of coming to agreements and therefore enforces harmony at the workplace (Cooper and E llem, 2009). On the other hand, some critics might look at these immensely complicated processes for reaching agreements as an obstacle to real bargaining because they may force parties to concede to decisions. However, does not occur because hard bargaining is allowed as was seen in the case of National Union of Workers versus ACCO Australia Pty Ltd 2009. These two groups had reached an impasse and there was a need to establish whether the parties were exercising good faith by trying to reach an agreement. The presiding Commissioner asserted that the respective groups were entitled to hard bargaining which was separate and distinct from not trying to reach an agreement. This case therefore illustrates that the legislation still leaves enough room for tough negotiation and that parties need not be forced to take on positions that they do not desire. It is indeed a fair legislation. The Fair work legislation also accords freedom for employees engaging in collective bargaining to a ce rtain extent. This is because it allows workers to select any party as a representative during bargaining. In this regard, employees are allowed to select individuals or groups such as unions. Therefore, this legislation is an improvement over past regimes when it comes to collective bargaining because it allows for union formation. It should be noted here that unionisation is not explicitly stated because the emphasis in the Fair Work Act was on individual’s rights at the workplace. However, because in the process of collective bargaining, unions must come in, then this matter is effectively handled in the Act. The doctrine of good faith is sufficient to cover aspects of unionisation.Advertising Looking for essay on business corporate law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Australian Labour Party firmly believed that industrial action was a serious problem and that the regulation of illegal strikes needed to be implemented thoroughly and without any compromise. Similarly, the Coalition agreed with these sentiments hence explaining why little has changed in terms of industrial action within the Fair Work Act. This minimal changes work well for the legislation because opposing parties had a consensus on industrial action prior to the FW Act so maintaining it is quite wise (Mc Crystal, 2008). Another important feature about the FW Act is its ease of use. It is quite uncomplicated to go through the legislation and most of the elements regulated are clearly laid out (Forsyth and Stewart, 2009). This means that there is indeed no need to include certain micro legislations later on that may eventually compromise the intention of the Fair Work Act. Simplicity in any piece of legislation often implies that the persons using it can effectively understand th eir obligations and their rights and this harmonises workplace relations. The FW Act ought to be retained because of its ability to incorporate flexibility and fairness within the workplace. It has managed to tackle the issues of discrimination while at the same time considered the concerns of managers because most of them are needed in order to make the idea workable. In this regard, the issue of a national minimum wage has always been a central issue in collective bargaining. Consequently, a legislation that establishes a fair way of regulating the national wage is always laudable. In this law, the FW Act has stated that the Australian Fair pay commission will be responsible for conducting an annual review of the country’s wages (Stewart, 2009). This means that the reinstatement of certain employment standards will be restored and this will contribute greatly towards the restoration of worker’s collective rights. Forysth and Stewart (2009) note that this was a concep t borrowed from overseas i.e. the British who have a Low Pay Commission in charge of determining the statutory minimum. If the latter model worked well for Britain then perhaps the same thing may be said of Australia. Some opponents to the Fair Work Act have stated that the core principles inherent in this legislation are not new in industrial relations around the world. The concept of good faith was borrowed from the United States yet there isn’t much to say about unionisation and collective bargaining in the latter country. These sceptics have affirmed that perhaps Australia will head in such a direction if it continues to do the same. However, what they have not considered is that the collective bargaining in any country cannot succeed without the right institutional structures. In the United States, there is a lack of supportive jurisprudential structures for their good faith concept hence explaining why the idea was not workable there. Perhaps another crucial strength th at can be linked to this Act is the issue of National Employment Standards. The manner in which issues have been clearly outlined in the legislation is quite commendable and they all demonstrate how the needs of employees have been placed at the centre of the Act. This legislation has tried to achieve a balance between family issues as well as work related responsibilities. In other words, work life balance has been brought on by the Fair Work Act. For example, parental leave has been redefined in order to include gay couples such that minimal discrimination in the workplace can be instated. Parents are allowed to ask for combined leave if they so wish. Additionally, working extra time has also been regulated with employees being granted the rights to reject unreasonable hours. There are many more issues that have been added to this legislation to make it quite proactive in terms of worker’s rights. It is likely that employers and employees may disagree over issues like paren tal leave, working extra hours and entitlements to couples, by explicitly stating what is the national employment standard, the Fair Work Act has gone a long way in simplifying matters during collective bargaining because individuals now know what to expect and what not to expect after negotiation (Stewart, 2009). It should be noted that this legislation does not just favour members of one group over another because it would seem as though employer’s concerns have been pushed aside. However, this legislation is quite fair. First of all, employers possess the right to be heard. Unions and employers ought not to assume that they have a smooth ride because all the rules support their side. Bargaining needs to be done fairly enough as was seen in the case of Australian postal Corporation versus CEPU (2009). In this case, the union wanted to stop independent contracting by the Australia Post. Fair Work Australia found against the union and declared that employers had their side of the story and ought to be heard. This case demonstrated that the FW Act has redefined how bargaining is to be carried out. Employers can also be aggrieved parties in negotiations and they need to be protected. Sometimes employers may need to make changes in their workplaces while a negotiation is going on; this legislation allows for managerial changes during such processes. This makes sense because the negotiations may be going on for a long time and yet those workplace changes may be needed immediately. This legislation is therefore not one sided in that it does not overly lean towards the concerns of employees without bothering about employers. Such a quality is always very critical in ensuring the success of a given Act. When one side is overly favoured over the other then this may result in opposition from the other party and may eventually translate into failure of that legislation. In fact the concept of balance has an important part of the fair work act 2009. It was not jus t seen as a law for protecting worker’s rights or union assertions; it was also seen as a platform for merging the latter concerns with those of businessmen. Political leaders from the opposition and the government often have their endorsements of some of the regulations that need to be made in collective bargaining. Some of them may support business interests over and above workers needs while others may be more interested in restoring union representation. The Fair Work Act reconciles both types of political leaders because none of their needs have been totally met but also none of them have been totally ignored. It struck a balance in meeting these interests. The latter law is also important because it has been able to restore affirmative action into collective bargaining realms. Although not explicitly stated in the legislation, Fair Work Australia has the prerogative to order equal remuneration for males and females if it has been shown that the latter parties are doing the same work. Although such a provision was made available in the past through the Workplace relations Act, the Fair Work Act is different because it stretches the mandate of Fair Work to make these orders concerning equal pay. It is interesting how this law was able to strike a balance between employer’s need to manage (either through instatement of certain workplace related changes or through their right to be heard during negotiations) and employees’ rights. The issue of unfair dismissal has been thoroughly discussed in the legislation and should therefore result in more effective outcomes in the future. Lastly, the multi enterprise provision in the Act assists employers by eliminating some of the excessive procedures that they may go through when negotiating through the use of single enterprise agreement. This creates simplicity in bargaining and therefore enhances business interests. Conclusion The Fair work Act does a lot for employers and employees alike. At th e heart of it is the move towards cooperation at the workplace such that adversarial relationships can be eradicated. Furthermore, the legislation propagates the principles of work life balance and minimal workplace discrimination. It also advocates for social inclusion and enhances workers rights through the parental leave provisions as well as through unfair dismissal provisions. On the other hand, employers concerns have also been addressed through provisions of the nature of bargaining and through the multi enterprise agreement. References Forsyth, A. (2007). ‘Worker Representation in Australia: Moving Towards Overseas Models?’ Australian Bulletin of Labour , 33 Forsyth, A. And Stewart, A. (2009). (Eds), Fair Work: The New Workplace Laws and the Work Choices Legacy, The Federation Press, Sydney Stewart, A. (2009). ‘A Question of Balance: Labor’s New Vision for Workplace Regulation’ Australian Journal of Labour Law 3: 29 McCrystal, S. (2008). â₠¬ËœA New Consensus: The Coalition, the ALP and the Regulation of of Industrial Action’ Cooper, R. Ellem, B. (2009). Fair work and re-regulation of collective bargaining. Australian journal of labour law, 22, 284-306 This essay on Union rights and collective bargaining was written and submitted by user PhilCoulson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The best custom thesis writing service

The best custom thesis writing service Enrolling to college is fun and a transition in life. It is where students mind broaden and they begin to think of their future careers. Unlike in high school where they enjoyed their comfort zone, college life is different. To start with, professors are very stern and expect students to submit all their assignments. In college only the students who get the best grades and write better can afford a smile from the professor. But, relax, its not as difficult as that especially now that we have custom writing services in place. Thesis writing is a section that gives students a challenge. Some can even drop out of school because of a thesis. But currently, thats not the case. Students do not have to lock themselves up in the name of a thesis with other projects waiting in line. We have excellent thesis writing services that have come to the rescue. Its up to the students to decide which custom thesis writing service to hire. A thesis is one of the technical papers in college. With the kind of environment students have in college, its impossible to write a complete high quality thesis within the stipulated time. Seeking assistance from the best thesis writing service remains to be the best alternative. Finding a thesis writing company Finding essay writers is a very simple task since the paper itself is not demanding. All people can write essays if they put their mind to it. But for a thesis paper, its completely different. This paper is meant to test the understanding of knowledge gained by students. The ability to demonstrate this kind of understanding is what makes it very difficult. Only few college students can write a thesis. To arrive at the best thesis writing service, customer reviews help a great deal. Students can clearly see the performance of thesis writing services and their affordability. If looking for a cheap thesis writing service, reviews should guide you since they analyze each service price table. Sometimes cheap is questionable where a thesis paper is involved. We advice students not to go for thesis writing service just because it is extremely cheap. Reviews and testimonials give clear comparison of genuine cheap thesis writing and the bad ones. Do not sleep on your thesis wondering where to start from. Find the best custom thesis writing service for you with the help of our customers review and their testimonials.

Appositives and Possessives

Appositives and Possessives Appositives and Possessives Appositives and Possessives By Jacquelyn Landis Are you planning to go to a writers conference? Or is it a writers’ conference? Is the Saturday market in the town square a farmers market or a farmers’ market? This is a construction that often perplexes writers. The first instance in each example is an appositive: a noun phrase consisting of a plural noun that modifies another noun that follows it. The form with the apostrophe is a possessive, a noun that â€Å"owns† the noun that follows it. So if the conference is one that is organized for writers, it’s an appositive. But if it’s a conference organized by writers- one that belongs to them- it’s a possessive. Likewise, if it’s a market for farmers, the proper construction would be the appositive farmers; a market owned by the farmers would be the possessive farmers’. The trouble with such noun phrases is that they frequently are ambiguous. Lacking insider knowledge, you’re often left to guess whether it’s an appositive or a possessive. Furthermore, there are plenty of commonly accepted constructions that defy appropriate construction. Children’s Hospital is a case in point. Clearly, the children don’t own the hospital; it’s a hospital for children. But you’ll see the possessive apostrophe on just about every such hospital in the country. One in San Diego seems to be aware of the problem and has hedged its bet. Instead of an apostrophe in its logo, a blue kite with a tail occupies the apostrophe slot. You can choose to read it as an apostrophe or simply view it as a decoration. An example of an entity that got it right is Publishers Weekly. This is a publication for the publishing industry, not owned by it. The key is to do your best to determine possession (or not) and punctuate accordingly. So if it’s the boys football team, it’s an appositive. But if it’s the boys’ football uniforms, it’s a possessive. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:English Grammar 101: All You Need to Know7 Patterns of Sentence StructureWhat the heck are "learnings"?

New Developments in Radiology and Medical Imaging Essay

New Developments in Radiology and Medical Imaging - Essay Example The use of PACS to import images has the support of physicians at UCSF but old technology dies hard thus the continued usage of viewing images on CD still standard (Phillips Medical Imaging Blog: Radiology PACS Reduces Repeat Procedures Per Recent AJR Study). 4 Implementation Cost of PACS 4 Table  1 5 Advantages of Implementing PACS 6 Disadvantages of Implementing PACS 7 Summary 7 Works Cited 8 New Developments in Radiology and Medical Imaging Introduction Medical imaging is an evolving industry with increasing technical advancements in the profession. The ever changing technology requires that with cost effective architecture and technology the health business should lead to better patient care. Picture Archiving and Communications System (PACS) is one such new development in radiology. Other new advancements include CT scans, Ultrasound, Virtual Intraluminal Endoscopy, Positron Emission Tomography (PET), MRI, Radio Surgery and High Intensity focused Ultrasound (McKesson Medical I maging Blog: Recent Advancements in Radiology). This paper focuses on PACS. About Picture Archiving and Communications System (PACS) PACS are communication systems that allow physicians to read radiology images without leaving their computers. On McKesson website they reveal about McKesson Radiology 12.0 which introduces a new web-based platform with the ultimate PACS experience. The new release is made up of McKesson Radiology station, and the client side application for PACS solution which provide superior image display, work flow efficiency and system integration capabilities. The platform reduces the total cost of ownership (TCO) of users through providing a scalable and flexible architecture for handling organization’s growing data. The technology provided improved access to images and clinical reports thus enabling physicians to deliver optimal patient care. The McKesson Radiology 12.0 has five deployment alternatives where one can choose from according to his flavor (M cKesson All about PACS: the Picture of Better Health). These alternatives include: i. McKesson Radiology station provided for the performance-focused, diagnostic end-user. ii. McKesson Radiology station Lite provided for those who work outside the health care facilities and require streamlined solutions on standard windows-based PCs, laptops or Macitonsh Platforms. iii. McKesson Radiology station eJacket for referring physicians, patients and report-centric end- users. iv. McKesson Radiology station Disc provided for those who need to send CDs or DVDs to others i.e. referring physicians, consultation purposes from other specialists, and to patients for their own records. v. McKesson Enterprise Image Clinical Reference Viewer which addresses emerging mobile-workflow requirements for radiologists, referring physicians and other specialists. Application Communication systems are a lifeline of any hospital and mostly within Radiology departments. Using PACS to import radiology images pl ay an important role in reducing repeated tasks. At the McKesson Medical imaging blog David Philips explain an incident concerning a report concluding that patients who had undergone CT or MRI before transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) had more repeat imaging than when the images were imported into the PACS.

Dividend policy of the firm is irrelevant to the rational investor Essay

Dividend policy of the firm is irrelevant to the rational investor - Essay Example These factors lead to fluctuation in the share prices and valuation of the companies. The relevance of dividend policy to a rational investor has been discussed in the subsequent sections (Gross, 2007, p.14). Rational for dividend payments The objective of investments is aimed at capital appreciation of the assets or securities over the period of holding. So, there is a definite reason for the companies to pay dividends which actually reduces the long term capital appreciation due to liquid payments in the form of dividend. The dividend payments are clear cut statements by the companies to showcase their abilities to manage their assets and performance to achieve financial profits and growth. The payment of dividends by the companies assures majority of the investors of sound financial performance in future and builds confidence for investment in stocks (Xu and  Wang, 1997, p.19). The companies decide through their dividend policy on the proportion of dividend payout and the percen tage to be kept for retained earnings. The dividend payment allocations are very delicate as the company also has to focus on increasing the financial wealth in future and reduce their dependency on leverage. The interest and tax rates also play an important role in the dividend policy of the companies. A reduction in the tax rates on long term and short term capital gains would urge the companies to cut down their dividend payments and invest more retained earning for long term capital gains (Funke, 2007, p.11). Empirical theories: Irrelevance of Dividend Policy The aspect of irrelevance of dividend policy to a rational investor can be explained by considering the empirical theories of dividend policy. Residual... The companies give topmost priority to finance their needs of investment looking at the target growth rates to be achieved in the short-term as well as long run. Only after meeting the needs of finances, the companies decide to distribute the residual profits to the shareholders in the form of dividend payments. Thus the shareholders would not be concerned of the dividend policy as capital gains for future from the investments done by the company lies at the core of maximization of their wealth. The rational investors are also knowledgeable that there is no dividend policy that could referred to as an optimal dividend policy. The dividend policies are an outcome of the fund requirement of the companies for financing the investment projects. For this reason, the dividends are declared by the companies which lead to restoration of confidence among the shareholders. Thus the shareholders are attracted more towards the investment in the company stocks as a result of which the price of th e share rises and the valuation of the companies are increased.

The way Greeks and Romans understood women Essay Example for Free

The way Greeks and Romans understood women Essay In the Ancient World, women were not portrayed as they are today in modern literary works; women usually played controversial roles where their actions ranged from killing their own family to destroying their own town. Women in ancient Greek plays and Roman stories did not posses the social standing that we naturally think of today, many times their only power was to strike back when they were hurt. Medea, Phaedra, and Dido, admirable or dangerous, are among the most complex literary characters of any period. Medea, of Euripides play Medea, represents the destructive quality of possessive desire often portrayed by Greek women. Medea becomes enraged by Jason when he leaves her to be with the daughter of the King of Corinth. She reacts by destroying everything around him. She destroys his new wife, her father the King, and even goes as far as to kill her own two children she had with Jason in order to hurt him. Medea rationalizes her actions by saying if she cannot have Jason, the thing she wants the most in life, then he cannot have the things that matter the most to him in his life. Medea illustrates her nature of possessive desire for Jason with the line, At last I understand that awful deed I am to do; but passion, that cause of direst woes to mortal man, hath triumphed oer my sober thoughts (Euripides 104). From this you can see that Medea is only concerned with herself and her desires as opposed to her famil; she kills her own children to hurt her husband. Like Medea, Euripides writes another play Hippolytous, with a similar character named Phaedra. Phaedra is the wife of Theseus that has become obsessed by an incestuous passion for her stepson, Hippolytus. Phaedra attempts to win over Hippolytus in a love letter. Hippolytus, however, is a follower of Diana, the goddess of chastity and therefore refuses her. Phaedras distraught revenge includes her suicide and his succeeding, undeserved death by his father. In this case, like Medea, Phaedra could not possess her alleged good, her life and his must be sacrifice. Yet another example of this misplaced desire is in Virgils Aeneid with the character of Dido. In Aeneid, Aeneas is persuaded to leave his fate to found Rome and stay with his new found love, Queen Dido of Carthage. By the  intervention of the gods, Hermes and Jove, Aeneas is able to resist Dido and does not marry her but does in fact go on to found Rome. Once again this possessive quality is aptly shown by Hermes, Degenerate man,/Thou womans property (Virgil 166). Dido verifies this and pleas with Aeneas,  had you deferrd, at least, your hasty flight,/And left behind some pledge of our delight,/Some babe to bless the mothers mournful sight,/Some young Aeneas, to supply your place,/Whose features might express his fathers face;/I should no then complain to be left bereft/Of all my husband, or be wholly left (Virgil 168). Obviously Didos love is not actually true love since she is willing to compromise for an alternate Aeneas, whom she will be able to possess more fully be raise him to her satisfaction. Aeneas refuses Dido this as well and she, like Pheadra, burns herself. But as her sister mourns, she points out that Didos death was not a solitary destruction; At one thou hast destroyd thyself and me,/Thy town. Thy senate, and thy colony (Virgil 818)! By destroying her own town, something that she devoted a lot of her life to, she hurt many more people than just herself and Aeneas. In these three works, Medea, Hippolytus, and Aeneid, the female roles defiantly had an agenda. The women were all overwhelmed by love and were blinded by it. Medea, Phadrea, and Dido committed unthinkable crimes in an attempt to cast revenge on the object of their affection. In the end, none of them possessed the man they were longing for, they only ended up hurting themselves and those that supposedly meant the most to them.

File Sharing Essay -- essays research papers

FILE SHARING Ethical Debate with Today’s Technology (INTRO) You may have illegal content on your computer right now! File sharing has become a very large issue today in society even though it has existed for decades. It has been the recent advances in our technology that has made it main stream and in the eyes of the general public. File sharing today tests the limits of technology along with our ethics making it a fuzzy grey area. When discussing file sharing's effect on society, first you should have a brief understanding about the terminology, technology, and methods that are used. File sharing in its simplest form is "anything that allows the swapping of files (audio, graphic, animation, etc) between users across a network." The breakdown of file sharing can be lumped into two basic categories, physical and virtual. Since the invention of the cassette tape, back in 1962 (about.com), people have been transferring data. Friends would copy a tape they borrowed or purchased from another friend and the chain was never ending. When the camcorders started to get smaller and more affordable movies would be bootlegged from the theater and sold. Technology today has changed immensely but still we find ourselves in the same habits of sharing. Friends can now burn CDs within 5 minutes and DVDs within an hour. The one thing that has changed is the ability to protect the media using encryption keys, water marks, and other Digital Rights Management (DRM) that prevents the media from being copied. The overall effect from this is the average person is left with the headache of not being able to do what they want with their own media, while the pirateer continues to hack and bypass security measures. The biggest contributor to file sharing these days is through software using virtual media. Before with the virtual media, the only way you could get something was if someone you knew had it. Now with the power of the web a user can find what they want from anyone around the world. The internet is probably the most basic form using websites and emails. One of the earliest forms of sharing came from Internet Chat Relay (IRC) which is still used today. IRC's initial use was for chat but users realized files could be stored on the servers hostin... ...iles come from other US computers. A legal strategy that focuses mostly on the US is unlikely to change the supply of music files. â€Å"Previous studies have relied on Surveys to assess the effect of the file sharing on the music sales. This is problematic because it is impossible to know if survey participants truthfully respond to questions about an illegal activity. This study is unique in that it uses data from file sharing servers, where the authors directly observed 1.75 million downloads during 17 weeks in the fall of 2002. Using statistical methods, they can then test if the sale of an album declines more strongly if that album is downloaded more often.† (CONCLUSION) So, even with the pros/cons, copyright laws, ethics, and facts; is file sharing an illegal crime, and one that deserves the heavy penalties as those serious crimes? Is it unethical to give a friend a copy of a favorite CD as a gift? To give something of yourself? Is file sharing an illegal infringement in the rights of the creator of those rights? Artist hasn’t loss money in CD sales due to file-sharing. The fact is that file sharing has increased sales of CD due to its popularity.

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In order to get feedback on their best Investment bets to verse industry' s steady decline and increase company' s profits by 3% next year. Industry sales have been decreasing. Some categories, such as â€Å"dry soups†, â€Å"ready to serve broth†, â€Å"refrigerated soups†, â€Å"frozen soups† and â€Å"deli soups†, are growing. The declining trend of the industry relies essentially in decreasing sales of the two largest categories: â€Å"ready-to-serve wet soup† and â€Å"condensed wet soup†. The most profitable category Is the RET. Barbarian has 60% share of the RET market with RET ‘s soups and broths providing 78% of the dolls ‘s sales; 86% of Its profit.These mature products, however, are facing a decline In sales (1-2% per year In S, and 2-3% In volume). Nevertheless, Barbarian Is the market leader in this category and price increases over the last years had helped to keep profit declining as much as sales. Target pro ducts to baby boomer generation (largest and brand loyal segment); lead these changes in market trends that are being reflected in rapidly increasing sales of convenient categories; Maintain shelf-space and Increase partnerships with retailers.

The Failure of Gallipoli Was Mainly Caused by Poor Allied Leadership

â€Å"The failure of Gallipoli was mainly caused by poor Allied leadership† Gallipoli is a peninsula in the Dardanelles in eastern Turkey. Gallipoli and the surrounding areas of the Dardanelles were the locations of some of the most contentious battles of the First World War in 1915 and 1916. The military campaign is well known as one of the great disasters of British military history. In 1915 the First World War in northern Europe was deadlocked and ideas were being discussed about opening up new military fronts. One suggestion, in 1915, a decision was made to help Russia who was being threatened by Turkey.An allied plan was made to attack through the Dardanelles in an attempt to take Constantinople (today known as Istanbul) to make a link with Russia. The failure of this attempt was caused by many factors. Much of the military planning was poor. The strength of the Turkish forces was greatly underestimated partly based on poor military intelligence. The initial naval attack was undertaken by older ships that were though inadequate to fight the Germans in the Atlantic but suitable to be used to fight the Turkish.The slow preparation for the naval attack allowed the Turks to fortify the waterway with mines and artillery. Following the failure of the initial naval attacks there were many delays on starting the land campaign allowing the Turks to heavily entrench the peninsula that was already very unsuitable for a military attack. â€Å"The Allies landed against the most heavily defended and best-prepared position in the Ottoman Empire. † Despite this there was evidence that some landing points were almost undefended yet the Allied troops dug in on the beaches and waited for the Turkish troops to arrive.There are many other examples of failures of military planning. Two whole military divisions were landed on the same beach within hours of each other in darkness sustaining massive casualties. Landings were made in the wrong locations, for example, next to heavily defended steep cliffs. Attacks were poorly synchronised following the initial landings, a military stalemate ensued and there were further delays in getting reinforcements although the Turks were able to reinforce continuously.The lack of progress in the campaign led to major political disagreements in Britain and senior military figures resigned followed by a change in government. While many of the problems came from poor political and military leadership and planning, other factors such as bad weather also contributed. As the conflict went on into the summer, conditions for the soldiers became appalling due to the weather and particularly dysentery diseases. More attacks were carried out, but all were ultimately unsuccessful.Probably the greatest miscalculation that was made was not only to underestimate the numbers of the Turkish troops but to also underestimate their military skill and resolve. It was almost as if the Allies felt it was much easier to overcome Tu rkish soldiers than it was to win the war in northern Europe. The Allies were fighting against soldiers who had a very strong sense of national identity. Despite being regarded as a great Allied military disaster, the Turks suffered greater losses in the campaign.Ironically, the only parts of the military campaign that were considered as a success were the troop evacuations. The Gallipoli campaign was ill conceived with disagreement at the political level with a major underestimation of the opposition forces and the military difficulty of the target. Subsequently many bad military decisions were made. While some allowances may be made for adverse weather, difficult geography and climate, most of these problems should have probably been anticipated. Most significantly there was a massive underestimation of the capability of the enemy.

Issues Paul Raises In Romans 9 11 Religion Essay Essay Example

Issues Paul Raises In Romans 9 11 Religion Essay Essay Example Issues Paul Raises In Romans 9 11 Religion Essay Essay Issues Paul Raises In Romans 9 11 Religion Essay Essay The book of Romans is the longest among the Pauline epistles it is largely regarded as the ultimate accomplishment among Apostle Paul s work. Romans had a batch of influences and played an of import function in the lives of major Christian minds and bookmans of the yesteryear who help in determining the history of the church. The cardinal subject in Romans is righteousness, the book clearly conveying out God s righteousness and world s demand for redemption, and it provides doctrinal learning on how to use redemption in populating a righteous life. Romans chapters 9 11 contain some of the primary theological elements of Pauline indispensable statements in the book of Romans that trade with critical issues refering God s Word, the failure of His chosen people Israel, their current state of affairs, and the future deduction for the Jews as state. Apostle Paul in his statement revealed God s intent of grace and the future glorification that is to come in God s kids. He threw more visible radiation on the leftover of Israel in an inter-textual signifier of statement. The Jews are God s chosen people: a symbol that represents the sovereignty of God among other states on Earth ; their being signified the monotheistic function in godly intent of God. Even though God s lone Son was send to them, they rejected him and put him to decease. This is some of the jobs raised up and Paul dealt with in chapters 9 11. He strongly argued about Israel s topographic point in God s redemption program and their dealingss to the Gospel, he besides e mphasised on how the Gentiles should associate to the Jews as trusters in Jesus Christ. God s crowned head pick Paul introduced his great concern right in the beginning of the first three poetries of Romans chapter nine depicting his despair and concern for his fellow Jewish offspring and their relationship with God. He expressed how passionately he is to take their penalty if merely that could hold saved them for he knew the wrath that comes with rejecting what God has presented to His kids. In verse four Paul unfolded God s intent for Israel throughout in the Old Testament history, Israel s acceptance as God s kids, Abraham s promises, the patriarchal compact, and the Mosaic Law at the terminal of the introductory paragraph ( v1-5 ) . A batch of strength is built in Paul s statement. The consistence of God s work of cosmopolitan acceptance is besides seen at this point. Chapter 9:6 is the cardinal poetry in the transition because it deals with the rudimentss of Paul s statements in chapters 9 11. The Apostle stated that Not as though the word of God hath taken none consequence . Paul raised this issue in order to learn that the word of God is still and can be trusted to the full, even though it may look as if it failed in respect to the state Israel. Paul absolutely knew that Bibles have non failed the Jews because he knew the Word of God to be faithful. He demonstrates that God s manner of covering with the Jews and the remainder of the states are consistent with the prophetic promises in Bibles. The Word of God in context refers to God s promise to Abraham and his posterities, yet he farther declares in the 2nd portion of chapter 9:6 For they are non all Israel, which are of Israel Paul taught that even thoug ht many Hebrewss are lost, the true Hebrewss are saved. Within the history of Israel there was autonomous election, non merely in the instance of Ishmael and Isaac, where Isaac was chosen as the seed of Abraham but besides in the instance of Esau and Jacob. Jacob was chosen as the 1 in whom the compact line of descent will be proceed and fulfilled. He argued that throughout coevalss there has ever been true and faithful one within the state of Israel who is perfectly elected known as the leftover. The Apostle Paul applied the philosophy of the leftover to exemplify that among the Judaic state there are ever people who believe and all those trusters among the Jews are the leftover of Israel. Among the bing Hebrews it is those who believe in Christ are the elite posterities of Abraham. Paul provides adequate biblical grounds to turn out the point of his statement that non all the physical posterities of Abraham are regarded to be the kids of the promise. God in His sovereignty choose upon whom He will confabulate His approval for it is a gift of grace non an accomplishable wages. Judaic wickedness in rejecting Jesus Israel a state that had the chance and privilege as God s chosen people failed non needfully because they did non follow the jurisprudence, but because they did non understand the work of the jurisprudence. They created their ain manner of righteousness and failed to subject to righteousness in Christ. Paul theoretically dealt with the Judaic disbelief as God s purpose base on godly election. He emphasized on righteousness and declared the manner to obtain it. Furthermore he taught that true righteousness is non obedience to a set human rules or regulations but it is based merely on religion. He argued that the obeisance of religion is non the same as obeisance to the jurisprudence. Paul explored the job with the Jews in consistent item and unfolded the nature of the Judaic people. He acknowledged that the Jews had a singular end to honor God but they practiced this accomplishment from incorrect attack by recompensed obeisance to the jurisprudence at the degree where most of them are focussed and dedicated to the jurisprudence instead than God. The Apostle Paul evidently understood that Christ has put an terminal to the jurisprudence with a new beginning ; therefore a better manner of religion is available for both Jews and Gentiles every bit good. The Jews chose to indurate their Black Marias against the new beginning of redemption that came through Christ the Messiah, foremost to them before the remainder of the states in the universe. Paul argued that Judaism without Christ is like unaccomplished journey, the jurisprudence itself is a usher to Christ as a concluding and fulfilled promised. Hebrews who looked for the coming Messiah rejected him when he came but when God offered His redemption to the Gentiles many who even do non cognize anything about the Messiah and His coming believed in him. Paul concluded his statement ( Romans 9:20-10:21 ) by citing Isaiah 65:2, a mention that absolutely described the transition in context of Israel s disobedient. Present events are to be over ruled by future glorification The Apostle Paul to indicate out in the 11th chapter that non all Hebrews have rejected God s massage of redemption and continued by raising the degree of his statement refering God s fidelity and consistence. He disputed the thought that God has abandoned His people Israel. As an Israelite himself and a descendent of Abraham from the folk of Benjamin he argued that non all Hebrews have rejected God s message of redemption, he clearly taught with comprehendible scruples that there is an bing faithful leftover among God s chosen people Israel. Paul revealed that merely the same as God had faithful leftover in the yearss of Elijah the great prophesier who challenged the northern land to atone so it is in the yearss of Paul and his coevalss. Those Hebrewss who believed in the Gospel did non come to God because of righteousness based on plants of the jurisprudence but it is based on God s gracious pick. The Judaic trusters are the leftovers and besides proved the fact that God has non abandoned His people. Harmonizing to Paul trusters like himself and the adherents of Jesus Christ indicated that God is still in procedure of covering with the Judaic people and has non cast the state Israel away. Paul the apostle to the Gentiles addressed the Gentile trusters to understand the heritage they have received from the Jews. Although they had every right to bask the privileges they should offer a good relationship to the Jews trusters to keep integrity in Christ. The Apostle used a metaphoric illustration of wild olive tree to learn the truth that both Jews and Gentiles shared parts based on religion in God s Godhead program. In kernel he illustrated that the Gentiles have no root of their ain, they are subdivisions grafted into an bing cultivated root and there will be a clip that the original root will bring forth subdivisions of its sort. A clip will come when the Jews who have been cut off because of their rejection of Christ will be grafted to the root in the same beginning as the Gentiles. Paul cautions the Gentiles trusters non to tout but steadfastly stand in what God has done for them. The wild olive tree analogy revealed God s Godhead program for all world, Israel s rejection prepared the manner for the Gentiles to go portion of God s redemption offered to all world. The Godhead disclosures, privileges, and promises that were given to the state Israel will neer be withdrawn. God will work with the despaired single members of the state Israel who are populating among the Gentile states worldwide, and He will convey His people to salvation in integrity with Christ. The unbelief Jews will be invited once more as the Gentiles were invited because God is covering with them as portion of the healing procedure, they will ever stay God chosen people. Harmonizing to Paul there will ever be a reserved leftover by God chosen people through all ages until the great trial for the readying of the opinion of the millennian land. Paul argued his point with eschatological understanding on Israel s redemption that he hopes for his people in the hereafter. Decision The Apostle Paul constructively discussed the dealingss between the state Israel and other states of the universe in Roman 9-11. In his treatment it is argued that God promises remain true, the Gospel of redemption in Christ was foremost offered to the Jews and so to the Gentiles. Bing a Hebrew Paul brought in his great concern for his fellow brethren who are the direct posterities of God s chosen people and yet rejected their rightful heritage. He explained the existed state of affairs of the Jews disbelief as a procedure that God is taking them through. To the Gentiles he cautioned them non to look down upon God s chosen people Israel. Paul s statement in the transition ( Roman 9-11 ) without a uncertainty was addressed to the Jews foremost before the non-Jewish and the transition represented as a usher to assist them both to understand the Godhead intent in which God work among worlds. From a strong theological accent the Apostle used biblical mentions to set up the facts concerne d the promises made to Israel from the yearss of their male parents to confirm that God work among them as His crowned head chosen.

Abstractionism in The Bloody Chamber and The Erl-King

Abstractionism in The Bloody Chamber and The Erl-King Angela Carter’s work in the short story collection â€Å"The Bloody Chamber,† makes frequent use of concrete objects as expressions of abstract concepts, among them freedom, bondage, and death in multiple forms, not only physical. In the short story â€Å"The Bloody Chamber,† the world the protagonist lives in is archaic. Although timeless in technicality, the reader gets the idea that it is set in the Victorian era or a little after. This idea is reinforced by the dress of the characters, the behavior of the majority of the women, and the use of wagons and horses as transportation, with the â€Å"motorcar† as a luxury item. The reader is shocked by the presence of the telephone, first revealed while the protagonist and her new husband are having sex for the first time, â€Å"A dozen husbands impaled a dozen brides while the mewing gulls swung on invisible trapezes in the empty air outside. I was brought to my senses by the insistent shrilling of the telephone† (TBC 17). Carter’s use of anachronism highlights the significance of the telephone in the story. In this instance, the telephone seems to symbolize safety or freedom. It is with the telephone that she is able to call her moth er. That maternal bond between mother and daughter, via the telephone wire, ends up being stronger than her bond to her husband in marriage. Carter’s use of concrete objects in place of abstract concepts is not limited to anachronisms. â€Å"The Bloody Chamber† and â€Å"O Belo Adormecido† use intertextuality as an effective strategy to subvert conventions. Ana Raquel Fernandes argues that Carter hinges â€Å"The Bloody Chamber† on multiple objects, relevant to the setting, which escalate in meaning throughout the story. Among them are the lilies in the bedchamber and the ruby choker. The liles, she says, are an illusion to death. She also makes note of the association the protagonist makes between the lilies and her husband: â€Å"In this first part of the story, the first person narrator, the young girl who tells her story retrospectively, describes the Marquis focusing on the stillness of his face and comparing him with a lily† (Fernandes 3). The section of text Fernandes refers to is the protagonist’s initial description of her lover. â€Å"He was older than I†¦ And sometimes that face, in stillness when he listened to me playing, with the heavy eyelids folded over eyes that always disturbed me by their absolute absence of light, seemed to me like a mask†¦ Even when he asked me to marry him, and I said: ‘Yes,’ still he did not lose that heavy, fleshy composure of his. I know it must seem a curious analogy, a man with a flower, but sometimes he seemed to me like a lily† (TBC 8-9). The Marquis himself, then, by this comparison to a lily, becomes an object in the story representing death. Fernandes goes on to explain the recurrence of the lilies throughout the story as foreshadowing impending death on multiple levels: â€Å"The lilies appear again in the description of the matrimonial chamber †¦although the lilies are white, they stain the narrator, their perfume confuses her senses and later in the short story, the stems become: ‘dismembered arms, drifting drowned in greenish water’ (TBC 22), an explicit reference to death. Indeed, from its first description, the bedroom is a death chamber† (Fernandes 4). The choker carries potent symbolism of both death and the bondage of marriage. As a symbol of death, it references both the impending physical beheading of the protagonist and the death of self when the protagonist enters into marriage. Bondage, then, is death. This symbolism is alluded to when the choker is described: â€Å"A choker of rubies, two inches wide, like an extraordinarily precious slit throat† ( TBC 11). The symbolism of death is further exemplified in the detailing of the tradition the choker comes from: â€Å"After the Terror, in the early days of the Directory, the aristos who’d escaped the guillotine had an ironic fad of tying a red ribbon round their necks at just the point where the blade would have sliced it through†¦That night at the opera comes back to me even now†¦ the white dress; the frail child within it; and the flashing crimson jewels round her throat, bright as arterial blood† ( TBC 11). In â€Å"The Erl-King,† Carter uses the bird’s cages to overtly symbolize bondage and the broken fiddle to symbolize the absence of freedom. While the Erl-King has possession of the maidens, transformed by magic into birds, his music is their cries of sorrow. When the protagonist kills the Erl-King at the end and frees the birds, she strings the fiddle with the Erl-King’s hair, thereby restoring freedom as a concept and the fiddle’s song replaces the song of the birds. The fiddle’s less than joyous music brings our awareness to an uncustomary message. â€Å"Then it (the fiddle) will play discordant music without a hand touching it. The bow will dance over the new strings of its own accord and they will cry out ‘Mother, mother, you have murdered me!’† This notes the responsibility and sacrifice that comes with freedom of any kind. The symbols of freedom in â€Å"The Bloody Chamber† are less overt and exist more in terms of negative argument than on its own. In other words, freedom is exhibited through the death of death (the Marquis) instead of being given its own object to live through. This is fitting since â€Å"The Bloody Chamber† seems to speak more about marriage as death and submission as bondage. The Erl-King, on the other hand, seems to speak more about feminism, and the dilemmas of sexuality and equality. Carter’s use of concrete objects as abstractions is central to postmodernism. In the past, many works have used items to symbolize abstractions but in Carter’s work, the items are not props but actual characters in the work. The telephone, for example, is central in the plot of â€Å"The Bloody Chamber.† The choker becomes more of a character than some of the real people, for example, the piano teacher. The fiddle in â€Å"The Erl-King† even has lines of dialogue at the end of the piece, which puts it on full level with living characters. In this way, Carter makes abstractions like bondage, death, and freedom more than simple morals or behind-the-scenes concepts in her work. They take on lives of their own through the objects they inhabit and become central characters, speaking louder than the human characters with which they coexist. Works Cited Carter, Angela (1995), The Bloody Chamber and Other Stories. London: Vintage [1979]. Fernandes, Ana Raquel (2010), â€Å"The Bloody Chamber† and â€Å"O Belo Adormecido†: intertextuality as an effective strategy to subvert conventions. Lisbon. The Sixth Congress of the National Portuguese Association of Comparative Literature.

Health and safety in construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Health and safety in construction - Essay Example Through this many industries will be able to prevent the occurrences of accidents in the workplace. The industries should also be ready to compensate anyone when he has been in involved in such accidents. This can lead to most people being able to be employed in this sector as most of the people are unemployed and also are not ready to work in construction companies. The health sector should also be checked because when people who are not fling well are not allowed to rest it may lead to accidents not only to him but to others. Some of the machinery used is not updated or old which may lose its efficiency this therefore will lead to occurrences of accidents and so it should b considered as some people lose their lives because of these. There should b a safety plan before the construction starts this includes type of construction, emergency procedures, public safety strategies, the kind of material s needed the location of the place in order for them to acquire the right equipment too ls and machinery. (Joyston-Bechal & Grice 2004) Statute law section Key requirements of health and safety law This can be termed as occupational safety and health. This is a disciplinary area which involves the protection of health and safety of the people involved in work. ... This includes protecting the employer and employees lives and also the health. The legal obligation includes compensatory purposes in case of accidents, punitive and also preventative purposes that protect the worker’s health and the safety. Occupational safety and health reduces the accidents which may include injury, illness costs among others which may be caused by the construction industry. The workers or everyone involved in the construction industry should be able to know his rights as a worker in cases like illness, injuries and his safety. Most of the citizens have the fear of engaging into construction works as they think that it will lead to them becoming disable, ill or even may lead to death which may lead to their families living in problems but this should not be a hindrance as everyone is supposed to fully know their rights in safety and health (Holt & Lampl 2006). Strategy for information retrieval Information retrieval can be achieved through improving the var ious ways of searching information. This can be opening a wide range of information collecting from different sources like the internet, other construction companies and from people with different specialties. This can improve the stability and efficiency of the industry reducing the occurrences of accidents and health problems from occurring. Communication is another key element for information retrieval in any given construction industry. This is because through communication there is a better interaction and exchange of views can be easily exchanged. Through this most suggestions are able to be put in place to which they can lead to the company’s development. Lack of communication leads to people not trusting each other and also does not

Discuss the reasons for the emergence of China as a global trading Essay - 1

Discuss the reasons for the emergence of China as a global trading power in the light of international trade theories - Essay Example There are various theories behind the rise of China as one of the strongest economies in the world. This work will look into and discuss the reasons behind the emergence of China as a global trading power in the world in the light of International Trade Theories. China has remained one of the strongest Communist countries in the world and after the fall of USSR, it has emerged as the center of the Political ideology in the world. However the subsequent reforms saw the start of the country’s transition to the market economies. The economic reforms into China started during 1978 and are considered as most successful as compared to the other controlled economies of Eastern Europe. A comparative study of the transition economies would suggest that China has been able to perform better than other transition economies of Eastern Europe mainly because of the rise of private firms into China. The emergence of Private firms into China has been extra-ordinary despite the fact that State has protected the state owned enterprises. The rise of China therefore is also attributed to the unplanned rise of private firms into the country besides the government reforms. From 1978 to 1992, the gross national product in China grew at an average rate of 9% and in 1992 and 1993, growth accelerated to over thirteen percent, giving China the worlds fastest growing economy. In 1994, even with attempts to cool down the economy, growth remained above ten percent.Error: Reference source not found. However it also must be noted that the largely held misconception that the Mao Zedong was behind the economic rise of China is not correct in its true sense as many believed that a great Opportunity to fulfill the Chinese dream remained unfulfilled during his era however the Mao era also saw the changes into health, education and other sectors of the economy however on the whole it remained largely under achieved economy during

Women Rock Musician in History from the beginning in Unites States Essay

Women Rock Musician in History from the beginning in Unites States - Essay Example Rock and roll resulted from the convergence of rhythm, blues, and country musical genres plus a series of hi-tech developments, which creates an innovative market for the music. Blues are known to have developed from songs sung by African-Americans while working; they had originally been brought to the USA as slaves. While working at plantations, they used to communicate by means of â€Å"call and response,† fooling the plantation owners, saying that the music was happy though they actually used it to discuss issues about the owners; and just as rhythm and blues developed from blues, rock and roll developed from rhythm and blues (R&B). Among the great women that have made a contribution in the history rock and roll especially when it comes to playing instruments in bands or in singles included; Wanda Jackson (guitarist), Nancy Wilson (guitarist), Meg White (Pianist), Bonnie Rait (guitarist), and, other artists of today like Lady Gaga, who started playing the piano at a tender age and Taylor Swift who plays the guitar. Some of the technological advancements during the commencement of rock and roll in the 1940s included phonographs, which were initially bulky and could be damaged easily, so most people were tired of them, even though they were common. However, during the same time when rock and roll started, significant transformations were evident; the records that primarily played at 78 rpm (rounds per minute) were enhanced, and those that replaced them played at 33 and 45rpm, making them less bulky and easy to handle. American Rock (United States Rock) Women played key roles in the growth and development of the rock and roll genre, starting with early blues artists like Ma Rainey (Mother of the blues) and Bessie Smith (Vocalist from the black community), who were surprisingly the only women who recorded blues in the 1920’s, and Mother Maybelle Carter who recorded the first country music in 1927. These three plus other prominent women put on great effort towards establishing equality and basic human rights for the female gender emphasizing on the right to vote and working towards social justice (National Museum of Women Arts, 1). Moreover, other women involved in the campaign included; Ruth Brown and Lavern Baker (R&B singers), the famous rockabilly queen Wanda Jackson, Mahalia Jackson, Sister Rosetta Tharpe who mastered the guitar by the age of six, Memphis Minnie and Billie Holiday; some of who were talented and creative when it came to the different genres and were definitely trailblazers of rock and roll in the 50s. Significantly, as from 1950, rock and roll dominated most of the other music genres, making it a major force in American record sales, and crooners such as Patti Page found themselves pulled out of the pop charts due to the development and growth of rock and roll artists (Saatchi Gallery 1). Rock and roll bands and artists that dominated the pop charts during the 1950s included the Shirelles and the Supremes hence later on there were others like Janis Joplin, Grace Slick, Joni Mitchell, Carole King and Laura Nyro who ruled in the 1970s, setting a platform for the artists that are there today i.e. Carrie Underwood. Concomitantly, as rock and roll advanced, more divisions of it continued to emerge, such as surf music, which involved instrumental rock and roll, garage rock that was in the form of amateurish rock music, blues rock that often emulated jazz, folk rock that was identified with progressive or labor politics, and country rock that emulated country music. Others not so common were roots rock, psychedelic rock and southern rock, and by the 1970s there had been more such as progressive rock, glam rock, soft and hard rock (that are even common today), early

What Is Whistle Blowing Philosophy Essay

What Is Whistle Blowing Philosophy Essay Whistle-blowing is a disclosure by organization members of illegal, immoral or unethical practices under the control of their employer, to persons or organizations that may affect action. Immoral practices can be violation of law, violation of public interest such as fraud, violation of health/safety, corruption etc. the organizations that may affect this action can be media, public interest groups, enforcement agencies etc. TYPES OF WHISTLEBLOWING: Internal whistle-blowing: To report misconduct to a fellow employee or senior management within the company. External whistle-blowing: Report misconduct to outside entities or general public. ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO WHISTLE-BLOWING: The generally prevailing view of the whistleblower within business on the part of the management and colleagues is that this person is the traitor to the organization. (Richard DeGeorge) Employees have both moral and legal obligations to be loyal to their employees. (Beauchamp and Browie) Whistle-blowing is a conflicting matter in terms of employee loyalty. On one hand it may be seen as loyal and on another, disloyal. It is assumed that employees have a vow to protect the dealings of the organization. External whistle-blowing is wrong because an employee has a contractual duty to be loyal to corporation he is working in. Whereas Ronald Duska says: One does not have an obligation of loyalty to a company, even a prima facie one, because companies are not the kind of things that are properly objects of loyalty. This means it is impossible to associate loyalty with a company because it is an abstract entity. Because company does not have a mind of its own, instead, it is made up of people working towards the same goal. A whistle-blower is not disloyal in reality. We can make an argument that a whistle-blower shows greater loyalty as compared to the person who ignores any malpractices in the organization. Whistle-blowing is a brave act of conscience and a person who blows the whistle may carry heavy personal costs. One should do what is right, lost income can be replaced but lost self-esteem is difficult to retrieve. IS THERE A RIGHT TO BLOW THE WHISTLE? Nobody can answer whether blowing whistle is good or bad because the problem is that it has effects, good as well as bad. Sometimes whistle-blowing causes more problem than good. If there is an issue that has to be addressed to the top authorities then it should be channeled through right authorities. If a whistle-blower starts talking to his co-workers about some malpractices, the office environment gets effected. And also the claims of whistle-blower are not always genuine. As a result other employees get dragged into it unnecessarily and company gets involved in lawsuits. By the time the company proves its innocence it has already suffered a loss of thousands of dollars. Whistle-blower should approach the internal authority prior to externally blowing the whistle. Because sometimes the top management is not aware of the problem and employees make the situation worse by blowing the whistle. An employee has an ethical obligation to blow the whistle. It is beneficial for him to act ethically and show loyalty by not only obeying the rules and regulations of the company but also reporting genuine wrongdoings that may affect the public at large. ETHICAL PERSPECTIVES ON WHISTLE-BLOWING: DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS: For example, a company is making unsafe consumer products in order to save some money. An employee working in that organization sees this as immoral and reports the media about it. A whistle-blower would do this according to Kants duty-based ethics. Moral obligations have nothing to do with consequences. RIGHTS THEORY: Whistle-blowing is not morally required according to rights theory. Everyone has a welfare right to make income and support themselves and their family, so they cannot do this without a job. By blowing the whistle he/she may get fired so it is better to ignore any malpractices in the organization. UTILITARIANISM: Utilitarianism is based on principle to predict the consequences of an action. Utilitarianism is more clearly understood by cost-benefit analysis. Whistle-blowing has many moral venues. On one side the welfare of employees must be considered and on the other side the consumer. Utilitarian simplify whistleblowing by pleasure versus pain issue. If whistle-blowing will generate less pain than pleasure then it is a good act. If not, then it is wrong and unethical THE FORD PINTO CASE: In the Ford Pinto case it is a well-known fact that before the production of this car Ford engineers were aware of Pintos potential for catastrophe. They had a crash test at a top secret site and every test at 25mph resulted in ruptured gas tank of the car. Ford employees under the oath denied this fact and this car flooded the market for about eight years. An internal cost-benefit analysis illustrated that it was not profitable for the company to make changes sooner. Thus, they placed monetary worth on human life. Total benefit was $49.5 million and total cost was $137 million. Therefore, none of the employees blew the whistle because they had a fear of being fired from the job. ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE: Prophet Mohammad PBUH said: Discussions are confidential (not subject to disclosure) except in three places: shedding unlawful blood, unlawful cohabitation and unlawful accumulation of wealth. (Abu Dawud) Prophet of Allah (P.B.U.H.) said: He who saw Munkar (wrongdoing) amongst you should prevent it with his hand, if unable to, then with his mouth (i.e. whistle blowing), if unable to, then (dislike it) in his heart and that is the least of faith. (Abu said al khudri) These sayings of Prophet Muhammad proved that whistle-blowing is also encouraged by Islam. Richard De Georges Theory of Whistleblowing The philosopher Richard DeGeorge proposed that external whistleblowing is morally permissible when three conditions are fulfilled. Whistleblowing is termed as acceptable by DeGeorge when following three conditions are met: If any product or policy cause serious harm for the general public. If an employee realizes an intense danger to the consumer of a product he or she should report it to his supervisor. Therefore manager responsible for the manufacturing of the product should be aware of its threat. If an employees immediate supervisor does not take the moral concern regarding the product into account, thus the internal chain of command has been exhausted. The firstcriteria explain the intensity of issue. The explanation of harm can be assessed in terms of physical, emotional or financial harm. The second and third criteria can be interpreted that employee tried hi level best to address via internal means. DeGeorge holds that whistleblowing becomes morally required when in addition to the previous three conditions the following two conditions are met: There is sufficient accessible documented evidence available to convince an impartial individual. The employee must have valid and strong reason that by going public, necessary changes will be brought. Moreover, benefits of whistleblowing must be worth the risks one takes and the dangers to which one is encountered. WORLDCOMS WHISTLEBLOWER Cynthia Cooper Case: In March 2002, when WorldCom was struggling tocoordinate and integrate the complex mess created by the 65 companies it had acquired, World-Coms highly respected chief financial officer,Scott Sullivan, moved $400 million from a reserve account and recorded it as income in the companys public financial reports. Alerted to this, CynthiaCooper, the perfectionist head of WorldComs internal audit department, began to secretly examinethe companys books. She  soon discovered that Scott Sullivan and David Myers, for years had publicly reported billionsof dollars as capital expenditures when they were in real the operating costs. Uncollectible receivables were ignored, and reported as  income what were reallyreserve funds, and did all this with the help of ArthurAndersen, the companys auditor and accounting firm. Though angrily threatened by Sullivan, andrisking her job and career, on June 20, 2002, Cynthia Cooper courageously met with the auditcommittee of WorldComs board of directors and   toldthem what had been going on. On June 25, World-Coms directors announced the company had  inflatedits profits by over $3.8 billion-an amount later  roseto $9 billion-is the greatest accounting fraud in history. Sullivan and Myers were arrested; WorldComs shareholders lost $3 billion; 17,000 WorldCom workers lost their jobs.It was the biggest fraud in U.S. corporate history. WorldCom declared bankruptcy in July 2002, after its stocks value had declined by $180 billion and its founder; Bernard Ebbers had left the company. CynthiaCooper was later recognized as one of the three Persons of the Year by Time Magazine. Analysis Based on Kantian Ethics Philosopher Immanuel Kant is renowned for his ethical theory which is categorized under Deontological ethics. According to his theory it can be assessed that it is the intention behind an action rather its consequences that make an action good. Deontological Moral system is based on the categorical imperative. According to Kant to act from a good will is to act from a duty. The act of Cynthia Coopers whistleblowing fits into this categorical imperative of duty to do the right thing. The sole motive of the action is report financial crime; there are no monetary gains or self-interested motives. A Kantian view justifies Cynthia Coopers whistleblowing as reporting financial crime is morallyright thing to do, thus moral obligation has nothing to do with consequences. Since Kant believed that every action has a maxim, we need to ask what would happen if the principle (maxim) of an action were a universal law (one that everyone acted on). Would a world where everyone acted on that principle be possible? If it can, then the decision to act would be morally permissible (Bowie, 1999). Therefore the proposed act of whistleblowing passes Kants test of universizability. If whistleblowing were a universal principle, all would benefit from the transparency and investor confidence would be maximized; therefore, according to Kant, the act of whistleblowing is morally permissible. Analysis based on Kohlbergs Moral theory of Development   Kohlbergs theory is useful because it helps us understand how our moral capacitiesdevelop and reveals how we may mature in our understanding of our own moralstandards. According to Kohlberg Cynthia reached the sixth stage of moral development: Universal Moral Principles Orientation. This is because at thisPost conventional stage, right  action  comes  to be defined  in terms  of moral  principles chosenbecause of their reasonableness, universality, and consistency. Cynthia believed that manipulation of financial accounts is a universal crime and therefore she reported the misconduct based on the moral principle orientation. Cynthia Cooper justified her choices on the basis of moral principles and obligations as during the interview with Times Magazine she said: There is a price to be paid. [But] it comes back to the values and ethics that you learnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..The fear of losing my job was secondary to the obligation I felt. WHISTLE BLOWING IN PAKISTAN Whistle blowing internal and external is usually not practical for employees in Pakistan because they dont posses the resources either within the firm or within the civil society. They lack strong moral beliefs, confidence, will power and commitments and are scared of the consequences. Today, media especially journalism is acting as a whistleblower to the public. The current political environment in Pakistan threatens whistle blowers in a corporation from upholding their voices against illegal practices of their organization. Employees who blow whistle are refrained from doing so and observe difficulties and barriers such as life threats, political insecurity, risk of career and family insecurity. In our country, unsafe medical practices and unethical behavior is at such a high level and widely spread that blowing a whistle to alarm the authority would be simply inaudible. Health care fraud is very common in Pakistan. False claims, patients required paying illegal fees, absence of staff and refusing to see patients in government hospitals and referring them to private clinics are violating ethical spheres. 95% of the population in Pakistan holds the view that our health sector is corrupt. The fear of been victimized, loosing the job and career, is the main concern very often trainee doctors keep quiet and do not raise their voice against their seniors. RICHARD BARLOWS CASE Richard Barlow  is an  American  intelligence analyst and a former senior member of the  Central Intelligence Agency. He lost his job and was charged of being disloyal to CIA. Barlow learned that the top US officials were allowing the sale of the F-16 fighters to Pakistan in 1989. It was against the 1985  Pressler amendment of the  Foreign Assistance Act  which prohibited the sale of any  material or armaments which might assist in the development or manufacturing of nuclear weapons. He also found that the officials were concealing this information from Congress since telling the truth would have legally obligated US government to restrain from giving military aid to Pakistan at the time when it was being provided, through Pakistan, to Afghanistan against Soviet Union. Barlow therefore blew a whistle without considering the consequences. As a result he was asked to prove himself before Congress and court. He was charged of being a traitor and an adulterer. He lost his job. It was life altering experience for him which damaged his marriage, career and left irreparable dents on his character. He is quoted as saying: They smeared my name in truly extraordinary ways that no one had ever seen before If he had been listened to, many people believe that our country would have never got its nuclear bomb. ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS KANTIAN ETHICS: Immanuel Kant is the founder of deontological ethics. He states that ethical behaviors are those which are duty oriented. A person must perform what is his duty, not whats good. The act of Richard Barlow is justified on Kantian grounds. Sacrifice of self interest for the greater interest of the society was the act performed by Barlow. LOYAL AGENT ARGUMENT: Loyal agent argument reduces an employee from being human to just being an organ of the organization. Loyalty does not imply that we have a duty to refrain from reporting the immoral actions of those to who we are loyal. An employer who is acting unethical is not acting in his own best interests and an employee is not acting disloyally in blowing the whistle. LEGAL PROTECTION TO WHISTLE BLOWERS One of the early laws that protected whistleblowers was the 1863 United States  False Claims Act  (revised in 1986), which tried to counter fraud by the US government during the  Civil War. Under the 1st and 14th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, state and local government bureaucrats are prohibited from opposing whistleblowers. Boards like Civil Service Reform Act are created Whistle blowing has gone high tech; therefore steps are taken to ensure safety of them. There are different websites available which guide employees on ethical issues like national whistle blowing centre(NWC) Federal (equal employment opportunity) laws also have protection provisions for whistle blowers. If you observe a  prohibited discrimination  against employees you may report the concerned authorities. Consumer Rights Commission of Pakistan has stated the unavailability of protection to whistle blowers and lack of transparency as the major causes of corruption in our state. Therefore, it has created an interface in the form of Freedom of Information Bill 2008. Summarizing: Whistleblowers not only provide the initial stimulus for improving organization efficiency and effectiveness, but also they are often the source of solutions to organization problems (Miceli et al., 1991). Whistle blower observes a dilemma between serving as a loyal agent and preventing social harm. This implies that he should reconcile his own interest with the general interest of the organization. Utilitarian considerations therefore cannot furnish a definitive guide in this context. Whistle blowing must be institutionalized. This means that there must be a set of procedures for employees to report the fraud internally before they raise the matter in the outside world